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Alexandra Allaire / McGill Tribune
a, Arts & Entertainment

Behind the scenes: theatre

A fatal thrust of the sword while your heart somersaults; the delightful ease with which a smile is teased from your lips. For many, such moments of passion and emotion epitomize the experience of live theatre. The sight of a performer, excelling in her craft before your very eyes, conveys excitement in a way that few other art forms can.

But the show itself is the culmination of months of preparation. What is seen on stage rests on a foundation of sweat and tears, of mental and physical dedication and devotion. Behind every standing ovation is a tireless technician, a dogged director, and countless others who have poured heart and soul into providing you with a uniquely enjoyable experience.

For this special issue of the Tribune, A&E takes you behind the scenes of student theatre at McGill, celebrating the work of our friends and peers, the challenges they face, and the indelible joy that binds it all together.

A long and arduous path

Come September, most students return to classes with wild stories, fond memories, and a reluctance to start classes. A few, like Martin Law, return with all that plus one other thing: an artistic vision.

Law is the director of Players’ Theatre’s current production of Macbeth, a position for which he was selected last spring. The McGill Savoy Society, which just wrapped up their production of Iolanthe, similarly hired their director Emma McQueen last May. The directors spent the summer in research and reverie, and by the time auditions began in late September/early October, both had a game plan to set in motion.

Iolanthe began rehearsals Oct. 1, meeting 10 hours per week. Macbeth started a little later, rehearsing “three to four hours … a night, five to seven nights a week,” says Stage Manager Celia Fogel. Time spent also varies across roles; Sophie Krahnke, who plays Celia in Iolanthe in addition to serving as President of the Savoy Society, says she spent up to 20 hours a week working on the show outside of rehearsals.

Spending this much time together facilitates one of the biggest rewards of the rehearsal experience: a fostering of camaraderie among cast and crew, a sentiment which seems to be universally shared. Asked about her favourite memory from rehearsals, Isabelle Liu, who played Fleta in Iolanthe and serves as Publications Director, replies, “starving together.”

“Most of the time, we don’t have time to go out and get lunch [during Saturday rehearsals], so we all end up starving with each other,” says Liu. “Rather than biting each others’ heads off, we just make fun of how hungry we are. it’s during that time that I realize that we’re all in the same boat; we’re all in this together.”

The frenzy of preparation reaches its apex the week before performances begin, when technical elements are all finally incorporated into rehearsals. Lights are hung, sound cues are programmed, and emotions run high, as the fruits of the labours of the cast and crew are in sight. This is tech week—or ‘Hell Week,’ as the Iolanthe cast affectionately termed it.

“I considered arriving at 3 p.m. and leaving at 10 p.m. to be a ‘short’ day at Moyse Hall,” says Iolanthe Stage Manager Marissa Lewis.

An array of challenges

On top of the demands of perfecting a theatrical production, students face a battery of institutional and physical barriers to a successful show.

One concern shared by the two productions was the rehearsal space itself. Macbeth rehearsed primarily in the English Lounge, and Iolanthe in the SSMU Clubs Lounge. Both shows were forced to secure alternative rehearsal spaces at one point or another, sometimes with little advance warning.

“It’s crazy, because we do three to four months of rehearsal[s] … in a classroom, or a hallway, really wherever we can get space,” says Fogel.

“As a director you usually go a little more insane than everyone else in the cast,” says Law, pointing to his attempts to push rehearsal hours to capitalize on free space.

To this, Fogel replies, “I definitely would say that’s one area in which I try to put my foot down. ‘Martin, we are not rehearsing from 10 p.m. to 1 a.m. just because SSMU is open and has free space.’”

For Fogel, the difficulty in finding rehearsal space is only one symptom of an environment in which professors and administrators are largely unsympathetic to the concerns of student actors and technicians. She points to the limited opportunities to study technical theatre at McGill, or to gain academic credit for experience gained in out-of-school productions.

“I think I understand where the university is coming from,” she says. “McGill isn’t known for its arts. It’s a research school known for its med program…. But it’s also a big, important, world renowned school. It should embrace this status and offer more opportunities for programs like theatre that are only growing in popularity every year.”

Fogel is also careful to point out that many professors, particularly those in the drama department, do “understand the difficulty of balancing an extracurricular passion like theatre with the demand[s] of school.”

Still, this balance act entails walking a precarious tightrope. Law admits that “schoolwork suffers for sure,” but adds that “It’s worth it.”

Alexandra Allaire / McGill Tribune
Alexandra Allaire / McGill Tribune

Opening night

An hour before the show opens, backstage buzzes with the hum of a well-calibrated machine. Actors are conducting warm-ups, exercising their limbs and voices, in addition to getting into character and changing into costumes. Technicians are preoccupied with setting the multitude of props, and doing one last check on lights and sound. Macbeth also rehearses their fight choreography prior to every performance, to ensure the preparation and safety of their actors. Law takes this opportunity to give last minute directorial notes—what to change from the last production, what to focus on this time—while McQueen is busy assisting with hair and makeup.

This well-orderedness disguises a hearty dose of nerves.

“I spend most of my time running around backstage making sure everyone … is ready to go,” says Lewis, who describes her state of mind as “rather stressed.”

Liu, who describes herself as being “super nervous” prior to the show’s start, agrees. “Some people can’t stop talking because they’ve got the pre-show jitters; others just keep quiet.”

“[I’m] always trying to find a balance between being pumped up and at the same time relaxed,” says Margaret Frainier, who plays Iolanthe. “What I like to do with the girls in my dressing room is put on some dance-y music and jam out.”

Not everyone is fazed, however.

“I don’t get that pre-show butterfly thing,” admits Fogel. “From the minute I set foot in the theatre, I’m concentrated on what I have to do.”

Soon the doors fly open, and the audience shuffles in, buzzing with anticipation of seeing their friends perform, or whispering eagerly about rumoured surprises in store.

And then, the show begins.

Behind the performance

The magic seen on stage is powered behind the scenes by actors and technicians who, though not visible to the audience, are wholly dedicated to ensuring the smooth running of the production.

Performers who are not on stage are often needed to assist with scene changes, or help other actors who have a quick change of costume.

“Sometimes you’re reflecting on the scenes that have gone by,” says Law. “But most of the time you’re just focusing on what [you] still have left to do.”

“The actors are pretty much concentrated and in character—there’s not too much joking going on backstage,” says Fogel. “You can tell everyone’s having a good time, but they take it very seriously.”

Much of this is due to necessity. Despite the enormity of talent on stage, Players’ backstage is a constrained space, and the narrow confines only increases the demand on actors to be efficient, focused, and of course, silent during performances. Moyse Hall, though no leviathan itself as a space for musical theatre, at least provides Savoy the luxury of a green room with a TV, so that backstage cast and crew can follow along with the onstage action. This also facilitates a more relaxed atmosphere.

“We goof off and have so much fun backstage,” says Liu. “When we come off stage, everybody just gives each other a pat on the back and a ‘It looked really good!’ It’s a really nice feeling.”

In the lighting booth and while relaying cues through her headset, Lewis sometimes has to deal with “panic-filled problems,” such as the occasional tipping over of a set piece. But even the stage manager and technicians find opportunity to hit a more relaxed tone during performances:

“We occasionally question plot holes—isn’t Phyllis still mortal?—and converse about parts of the show when technical work isn’t required,” she says.

Alexandra Allaire / McGill Tribune
Alexandra Allaire / McGill Tribune

McGill theatre: Theatre for McGill

The performance itself is merely the tip of an iceberg, one that stretches deep, through months of intense preparation and work. Yet, for the people behind the spectacular productions that grace McGill’s stages every year, theatre is not only a personal creative outlet, but a way to give back to the community, and a school that lacks a fine arts program of its own.

“We as an executive really take it to heart that we are a student service,” says Fiona Penny, Players’ Theatre’s Executive Director. “What underlies every decision we make … is, at the end of the day … are we choosing people that will provide the most accessible show and provide experiences for other McGill students?”

She adds: “Most people [who] get involved in theatre don’t study theatre…. I think that, because it’s not school, that’s why people get so passionate about it. It’s wonderful to have something outside of school that you can care so much about.”

 

a, Arts & Entertainment

The Tribune’s Guide to the 2013 Nuit Blanche

Montreal’s winters may be frigid, but the bleak weather doesn’t stop it from being one of North America’s most vibrant cities. The buzz of winter is most evident on Nuit Blanche, a night where the city explodes with light and activity.

As part of the Montreal en Lumière festival, artists, musicians, and everyday Montrealers will team up with the city of Montreal to present its tenth annual Nuit Blanche on Mar. 2. This evening, in which all sorts of venues open their doors for the entirety of the night, is conveniently taking place on the first Saturday of reading week—an excellent opportunity to venture outside of the McGill bubble and experience Montreal’s diverse culture.

If you’re planning on spending the night wandering around the city, remember that the Metro is open all night long, but it’s not free. Your best bet is to purchase an Unlimited Evening pass for $4, which works from 6 p.m. to 5 a.m. on both metro and shuttle buses.

This Nuit Blanche, the Tribune offers its recommendations for free events all over the city.

Place des Festivals

The flagship venue of the festival, Place des Festivals will feature a huge urban slide, a ferris wheel, a 360° cinema, and more. Although this is one of the night’s most popular destinations, with long lines and crowded spaces, the area will be worth checking out at 9 p.m., when fireworks officially kick off the night.

Free. 6 p.m. to 3 a.m.

Corner of Jeanne-Mance and Ste-Catherine.

Montreal Museum of Fine Arts 

 

To complement its current exhibit Peru: Kingdom of the Moon and Sun, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts is hosting a variety of activities, from a showcase of traditional Peruvian dances, to a multimedia presentation on Peru’s rich archeology and folk culture; to the delight of visual artists, there will also be a live-drawing workshop. But the highlight of the evening may be a free chocolate tasting by the Cacao Berry Lounge and live chocolate body painting (presumably, not at the same time).

Activities are free, and entry to the special exhibit is half price for the night. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.

1380 Sherbrooke West.

Ballets Jazz de Montreal

 

In celebration of its 40th anniversary, the Ballets Jazz de Montreal (BJM) is offering free dance classes all night long. In the same building, the BJM will be showing a documentary and a multimedia exhibit of its history, as well as holding a dance rally.

Free. Reservation required if you intend to take a dance lesson. 8.30 p.m. to 3.30 a.m.

Maison du Conseil des arts de Montréal—Édifice Gaston-Miron

1210 Sherbrooke East.

Biodome Penguins

Attention animal lovers! On Nuit Blanche, the Biodôme takes some of its penguins from the facility and outdoors to play in the real Montreal snow and interact with visitors. Experts will be in the area to answer any questions about these birds from the South pole.

Free. 5 to 11 p.m.

Olympic park

4777 Pierre-de Coubertin Ave.

Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium

If it’s a clear night, stop by the Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium, part of the Espace pour la vie complex. The planetarium, which will be inaugurated on April 6, will set up telescopes for visitors to stargaze and learn about astronomy.

Free. 5 p.m. to 2 a.m.

Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium

4801 Pierre-de Coubertin Ave.

Coupe Bizzarre

For the more daring night owls, this Nuit Blanche the salon Coupe Bizzarre will be giving out free haircuts to those who stop by. The catch? You don’t get to choose the haircut. Trim at your own risk.

Free. 11 p.m. to 3 a.m.

3770 Saint-Laurent Blvd

Atelier Circulaire

The printmaking experts at Atelier Circulaire are hosting a “scratching” session in which visitors will learn techniques of dry print etching on vinyl records while enjoying music by live DJs. Participants will be able to take their art home.

Free. 10 p.m. to 3 a.m.

5445 De Gaspé Ave.

Using this technology, students from different locations can play music together as if they were in the same room. (cim.mcgill.ca)
a, Science & Technology

Shared reality enriches human-computer interaction

Imagine arriving late to class, ears burning from the cold, and stepping over puddles and bags until you finally find a seat. As the professor lectures away, a student several rows down raises his hand. The professor, unaware, continues the lecture. After some time, the student eventually puts it down.

For most McGill students, this scenario isn’t hard to imagine. Professors might not always be fully aware of the hands that go up at the top or the far sides of a lecture hall, and it’s not their fault. They’re only human after all.

What if there was a way to detect if a student raised their hand in a large crowd, or to recognize if students were confused during a lecture? These possibilities are being explored at the McGill Shared Reality lab.

“A prototype system that we developed years back was used to automatically detect if a student raised his or her hand up for a question,” Dr. Jeremy Cooperstock, Director of the Shared Reality Lab, said. “Since it was in a large class setting, the system would then inform the instructor by raising a flag on the screen about who has their hand up, and what part of the room they’re in.”

Experiments at the Shared Reality Lab involve the use of virtualized reality techniques and advanced networking protocols to give users a strong sense of co-presence—the feeling of being together in a shared physical environment. This is accomplished using a number of screens, cameras, projectors, and microphones, along with a high-fidelity vibrosensory system.

“This high fidelity and low latency type of communication gives people the ability to feel like they are engaged in coordinated synchronous activity with those far away, while in the comfort of McGill,” Cooperstock explained.

The lab was one of the first research groups in the world to support a distributed music performance. Jazz students from Montreal and Stanford performed together at the same time using the technology developed by the Shared Reality Lab. They were able to see and hear each other in the same capacity as if they were physically in the same space.

cim.mcgill.ca
cim.mcgill.ca

The lab also looks at how to adapt users to a different kind of environment by rendering physical scenarios, such as the sensation of walking on different ground surfaces, such as snow, gravel, or sand.

“And they can experience that even though they are physically in a laboratory environment, walking on floor tiles,” Cooperstock explained.

The third dimension of the lab involves looking at sensory substitutions for those unable to experience a certain aspect of the everyday world around them. By working with the blind community, the Shared Reality Lab looks for ways to give these people the visual experience of the world around them. This is accomplished by providing the information usually available to vision through audio, explains Cooperstock. The lab has also given demonstrations on new technologies for the Android and iPhone, which give users a constant display, through audio, of what points of interest are around them while walking outside.

Along with developing sensory substitutions, the lab has created different applications to help Music and Medical students at McGill. For musical training, the lab developed a simulator known as “Open Orchestra” which has received significant recognition.

“The simulator was [developed] to give classical and jazz musicians the experience of rehearsing with the rest of their band or the orchestra around them,”  Cooperstock explained. “It wasn’t a live performance scenario. Rather, it was a rich multimodal experience of what it feels like, looks like, and sounds like to be sitting in, for example, the second violinist seat in a 30 seat orchestra and playing along with the different musicians, while seeing and hearing the conductor at the same time.”

Similarly, a training system was used to train McGill medical students in response scenarios. This project was funded by the Canarie’s Network Enabled Platforms (NEP) program, and was completed in 2010. It involved using medical mannequins to mimic different physiological functions, such as blood flow to the heart, and teaching students through scenarios where they had to experience and address real situations, such as a patient in a car accident.

Through this new approach to human-computer interactions, the Shared Reality Lab offers a glimpse into the future of virtualized reality, which could change the way we interact with people around the world. One day, attending the opera could involve listening to different opera singers in different time zones, standing on different stages in a worldwide opera house located in cyberspace.

conncad.com
a, Science & Technology

Behind the scenes at the Dent lab

The Dent Lab in the Stewart Biology building is humming with activity. Run by Dr. Joseph Dent, an associate professor and researcher at McGill University, the lab focuses on the molecular genetics of the behaviour in C. elegans, a nematode roundworm. 

Specifically, the lab’s research focuses on understanding the structure and function of neurotransmitter receptors, the role they play in behaviour, and how we can manipulate them to treat diseases, or better understand how nervous systems work. Essentially, neurotransmitter receptors are membrane receptors that receive electrical signals, facilitating the transmission of information from the brain to the body, and vice versa.

“Our lab has basically two components,” explains Dent. “One is a relatively applied component, and the other a more basic research component.”

The applied component of the lab concerns the relationship between neurotransmitter receptors—important targets for antiparasitic drugs—and pesticides. Dent and his team are currently looking into how existing drugs kill parasites, specifically nematode roundworm parasites, and how nematode parasites develop mutations that allow them to become resistant to these drugs. They hope, through this research, to learn how we can use antiparasitic drugs to better prevent the disease from reoccurring, as well as to make the drugs more effective against resistance developed by parasites.

Nematode roundworm parasites are of significant importance due to the disease caused by the nematode Onchocerca volvulus. River blindness, caused by O. volvulus, is endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa, where 18 million people are at risk of losing their sight. The disease is currently being treated with the drug Ivermectin, which is given in yearly doses by the World Health Organization (WHO) to help people who are already affected and reduce the rate of transmission.

This second area of research comprises the lab’s more basic research aspect. The team has investigated the role neurotransmitters play in behaviour, how the nervous system uses them to modulate behaviour in interesting ways, and the fundamental features of the neurotransmitters themselves. Through this work, they are able to look at the mechanisms behind Ivermectin resistance and how nematodes develop resistance to the drug.

The team works with the roundworm C. elegans in its experiments. While not parasitic, this organism is a much more efficient model to use during experimentation. Since C. elegans is highly similar to other organisms, the team can translate what they learn to various other systems.

“It turns out nematodes have a lot of receptors that humans do not have. These are a good target for anti-parasitic drugs. You want a drug that targets the parasite and not humans,” says Dent.

The Dent Lab works with C. elegans first, and then collaborates with the Institute of Parasitology in order to transfer the work performed on C. elegans to see if it has a similar effect on the parasite.

Looking to the future, Dent says, “We’d love to come up with a new, effective, safe drug that would allow us to have an impact on these diseases.”

“We would also like to better understand the design of the neurotransmitters in all organisms, [in order to] use the information to better focus or target our search for drugs to specific subsets of channels,” explains Dent. “If we understand it, can we design better drugs and better drug targets that are less likely to develop resistance? If we understand how resistance occurs before it occurs, can we use the drugs in better ways?”

Behind the scenes of the lab’s operations, funding plays an important role. According to Dent, the Lab does not get as much support as he would like, since the Canadian health agencies are focused on research concerned more directly with Canadian health. However, the lab receives more support from the agricultural and pharmaceutical industry, which is interested in these drugs because they can also be used to treat livestock. Ivermectin, for instance, is an active ingredient in drugs used by farmers to treat livestock with deworming agents.

“The economics are such that the companies make their money selling these drugs to farmers to treat livestock, so that they can produce cheap meat. We benefit from that, in the sense that we receive industry money to support this research.”

Most important, however, is the idea that spurred this research. When asked, Dent explains it was “just lucky.” While studying the eating behaviour of C. elegans as a post doctoral fellow, Dent discovered a mutant gene that affected their behaviour, and made it less efficient. He located and cloned the gene, only to discover it was a neurotransmitter receptor and the target of the drug Ivermectin—from there, his research took off.

“It often happens that you study one thing and make a completely unexpected observation. What is exciting about research is that, you never know where it will go next—the most exciting research is the research you didn’t anticipate on doing.”

 

Whitney Pang (Alexandra Allaire / McGill Tribune)
a, Opinion

Why can’t boys like cartoon ponies?

The season three finale of Hasbro’s animated series My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic aired earlier this month.  The children’s show has attracted an unexpected adult male fan base called “bronies,” a phenomenon that has garnered attention and sparked much gender-based debate.  A long history of gender-exclusive children’s programming has formed gender archetypes in viewership. From an early age, we are conditioned to have fixed social expectations of what plot content and character traits boys and girls should or should not like.  I find this problematic. It deters viewers from adopting seemingly benign, yet often very important, traits generically attributed to the opposite sex, and hinders any social progression in redefining gender archetypes.

Gender-exclusive programming as a strategy of market segmentation has long been a dominant pattern in the children’s entertainment industry. Producers identify and isolate a particular gender and age group, and tailor the programming preferences of each market to guarantee viewership. Producers then secure the attention of audiences to create the “audience commodity,” which is sold to advertisers.

According to the 2001 study “Development of Gender Differences in Children’s responses to Animated Entertainment” from the journal Sex Roles, among children ages three to five, boys showed a much greater preference for violent content, while girls were rather more interested in romantic drama.  Consequently, programs marketed specifically at boys, such as Transformers or Ben 10, primarily feature male characters possessing masculine attributes of leadership, bravery, and aggression. Programs for girls contrarily mainly portray female protagonists and their struggles with relationships. Friendship is Magic, for instance, follows the adventures of six female ponies as they discover the importance of friendship. When chidren’s programs aimed at specific genders repeat gender codes, the implicit message is: “This is what you are supposed to like.” This influences the gendered preferences of young viewers, which in turn determines content of future shows.  There is a vicious cycle of constant reiteration of gender archetypes, one that allows little space for deviation.

[pullquote]When chidren’s programs aimed at specific genders repeat gender codes, the implicit message is ‘This is what you are supposed to like.[/pullquote]

So what happens when these gender archetypes are challenged? The emergence of “brony” subculture has demonstrated the rigidity of the public’s expectations of gender performativity. Many commentators have expressed their disbelief that a show for little girls could be so popular among males, seeing this trend as unexpected, or even intolerable.  Fox News commentator Andy Levy stated that these men “should feel shame” for their obsession. “Bronies” have radically rewritten expectations of gender behaviour by appreciating a show that embodies benign—though supposedly feminine—virtues of love and friendship.  I would argue that this is a form of social progress, even while expectations of gender behaviour have deemed the “brony” subculture as something highly unnatural.

As ingrained as gender archetypes are, the public should embrace the these roles as social progress. Perhaps to redefine viewer archetypes in a more subtle way (as opposed to the radical nature of “brony” fandom), producers should further explore the possibilities of gender-neutral programming: shows that seek to portray both male and female protagonists possessing atypical gender codes.  Non-gender exclusive shows such as Annie Award nominees Avatar: The Legend of Korra and Adventure Time have recently found immense popularity among both boys and girls. A new era of gender-neutral programming may be on the horizon.

 

a, Opinion

A role for chance?

Everyone who gets into an elite university, including our own, probably feels at one time or another that they were deserving of meriting acceptance into the school, and that the admissions committee did not reach this decision lightly.  A highly revealing article published by Ron Unz in The American Conservative entitled “The Myth of American Meritocracy” calls this assumption into question. In this piece, Unz raises uncomfortable questions by parsing vast amounts of data to show that certain racial and ethnic groups are disadvantaged by standard admission practices (at least in Ivy League schools), and generally calls into question the utility of an admissions committee at all.

While focusing on how many ethnic groups are disadvantaged by admission committees, Unz’s clearest example of discriminatory practices are those that relate to Asian-Americans. He points to a troubling fact that since 1993, Ivy League acceptance of Asian-Americans has declined from 20 per cent to 17 per cent, despite a growing population and increases in household income. Though they comprise only four to five per cent of the U.S. population, Unz notes that Asian-Americans make up about 30 per cent of high school National Merit Scholars, and form the majority of participants in high-level math and physics competitions.

Statistically speaking, Asian-Americans must score 140 points higher on their SATs to be given the same standing as white counterparts. All else equal, it seems that Asian Americans should form a larger proportion of the student population than they currently do. So what is leading to this impasse?

[pullquote]By indulging in chance and eliminating bias, universities will see many salutatory benefits.[/pullquote]

It is obvious that if some groups are being under-represented, then there are other groups who are the exact opposite. While not assigning any nefarious motives, Unz points out that the American Jewish population is likely over-populated in the Ivy Leagues. This is the case for a combination of reasons, he concludes, including Jewish academic merit, prior guilt from excluding Jews from Ivy Leagues, and the prevalence of Jews in high administrative positions in elite universities. Unz speculates that this mix of factors has allowed subtle biases to influence the admissions process, stymieing the chances for other groups to be admitted into these schools.

Unz’s solution is simple. Admit certain clearly deserving students to fill a small portion of your class, such as those who have won various academic awards or achieved a perfect SAT score. For the more difficult task of filling in the majority of an incoming class, Unz suggests setting a minimum threshold of acceptability, and then picking students through a lottery system. By indulging in chance and eliminating bias, universities will see many salutatory benefits. While the selection process would not be a perfect meritocracy, it would bring the schools closer to reaching this stated goal. Secondly, Unz hypothesizes that students would feel more humble about getting into these elite schools, knowing that their acceptance was predicated on chance, and laying waste to the notion that getting into a top school is completely merit-based.

Luckily, many of these afflictions found in the United States do not plague McGill, at least not to the same extent. In Fall 2009, McGill admitted 48 per cent of students, a rate much higher than the Ivy Leagues, and with less selectivity comes a lesser chance of applying under-the-table admissions practices. However, Unz’s idea to introduce lottery based admissions schemes could have a great benefit. First, this idea could save the university money by eliminating some of its admissions committee. McGill administration staff, which includes its admissions committee, made approximately $22 million in salary, according to the 2011 McGill budget. A computer is a lot cheaper than a staff of workers, and—if Unz is right—possibly more effective. Second, a lottery would eliminate any chance of overt or hidden biases affecting the chances of a student getting into McGill. In a field where picking students to attend your university is more of an art than a science, maybe it’s time to lay our fates in the hands of chance.

Genome sequencing helps predict the inheritance of diseases (lejeuneusa.org)
a, Science & Technology

DNA testing offers healthier future

Just before I was born, my parents consulted an astrologist to find out if I would be born healthy. Using the stars, the astrologist made predictions about my mental and physical development. 

Before my kids are born, I might go to a company such as 23andMe. 23andMe uses DNA sequencing to recognize if babies will be genetically susceptible to certain diseases as they grow older.

The technology used by 23andMe was made possible due to the Human Genome Project, which successfully sequenced the complete human genome. Published in 2003, the human genome was to be the harbinger of the age of personalized medicine. However, the costs of whole genome sequencing were prohibitively expensive, and time consuming.

Costs have dropped dramatically in the past few years, increasing accessibility of sequencing the genome to a large number of people. The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), which tracks the costs of sequencing a genome, estimates current prices to be around $7000, down from around $50,000 when the human genome was published, due to improvements in technology.

The time to sequence these genomes has been reduced as well. In October 2012, a research group from Children’s Mercy Hospital, in Kansas City, Missouri, managed to sequence the whole genome of a baby in 50 hours.

Currently, there are a number of companies that offer to test single genes or a panel of genes related to a certain disease. While useful, these tests, which range between $500-1,000, might only be prescribed in case the family has a history of that disease.

Whole genome sequencing offers the ability to analyze the entire genome, thereby providing clues to what diseases may arise, irrespective of heredity. Additionally, genome sequences can help provide evidence of extremely rare hereditary diseases, which the targeted genetic testing provided by companies may not reveal.

Finally, knowing the genome of the newborn child or fetus could help provide appropriate genetic counselling to parents early on, and help physicians design targeted therapies. The decrease in costs, as well as the benefits whole genome sequencing provide, has dramatically increased demand for this procedure from the public. Soon, it may be the norm to obtain a whole genome sequence of a baby as soon as it is born, and use this data to determine future medical intervention.

Whole genome sequencing, however, is not without its drawbacks. The New York Times, in a piece on the procedure, states that out of 100 patients with any genetic disorder that was sequenced, only 30 patients had a misprinted gene detected by whole genome sequencing. Of these, only three per cent of the patients receive better management, and only one per cent gets treatment.

As of now, whole genome sequencing to identify diseases is still like looking for a needle in a haystack. We do not know all the mutations in a gene that could give rise to a disease. Most diseases arise from defects in multiple genes, further complicating diagnosis. Even if genes suggesting increased risk of disease were to be identified, we lack the ability to treat many of these diseases with current medication.

Improvements in genome sequencing and reduction in costs will someday help doctors better tailor medicine towards the individual patient. With developments in DNA testing, parents will no longer have to consult an astrologist to predict their kids’ physical and mental development. Instead, a DNA sequence will provide insight into their susceptibility to disease. Scientifically, this is the way forward.

 

a, Science & Technology

How does our memory work?

The human brain, composed of over 100 billion cells, is a natural work of art. Groups of brain cells, called neurons, and their synapses—the gaps in between them—are the functional units of the brain that allow us to store memories. While these cells are responsible for what we remember, what enables us to recall our sixth birthday party, but forget what the professor talked about 15 minutes ago in class? Welcome to the mysterious world of the human memory.

The difference between remembering that birthday party over the lecture material revolves around the differences in how we organize and process short and long-term memories. Psychologists view the memory system as analogous to a computer in terms of consisting of three phases: encoding, the process of transforming information into a neural code that the brain can understand; storage, the retention of that code; and retrieval, the act of recalling that information.

The modal memory model proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shriffin in 1968 gives a deeper understanding of how memory works, by breaking it down into three types of memory. Sensory memories are the most brief form of memory, lasting for a fraction of a second. An example of sensory memory is when you look at something and quickly glance away. Due to your sensory memories, you can recall only some of the object’s details. It allows us to take in the world as a continuous stream, rather than discrete chunks of information.

By contrast, short-term memory, also known as working memory, holds data in awareness for a brief period of time, during which our brain can use it to carry out several necessary processes. The retention period for short-term memory is around 20 to 30 seconds. For instance, when looking up a telephone number and walking across the room to dial it, your working memory is at work. Unless you repeat this task over and over again, some digits begin to fade by the time the actual number is dialed.

Another aspect of short-term memory is memory span, which refers to the number of distinct items that can be stored in the working memory at a time. Initially, this number was suggested to be seven (plus or minus two) by George Miller. However, a more recent study conducted in 2005 claims that the span may be as little as four items. Next time you try to remember a phone number for a friend, don’t feel bad when you forget a digit—your short-term memory really only retains four at a time.

On the other hand, long-term memory, the more permanent component of the memory system, is a much less transitory system. Essentially, long-term memory logs new information by associating it with other related topics already stored in your memory.

This is why it is harder to learn something completely new, as opposed to learning about something you’re already familiar with. It’s also why you shouldn’t wait to take Calculus 3 long after you have completed Calculus 2.

Furthermore, the precision with which your neurons store information depends on the strength of the neural associations formed in your brain. It is much easier to remember facts related to information already stored in your memory than to learn a wholly novel concept.

But not all content of the long-term memory is reliable. McGill professor Karim Nader proposed the process of reconsolidation, which explains why some of our long-term memories are distorted. According to Nader, once memories are activated or retrieved, they must be consolidated to be stored in the brain as memory. An improper restoration could ultimately lead to distortions in your memory. This concept could be used to treat trauma patients by helping them retrieve painful memories, and then disrupting the reconsolidation process to alleviate the pain associated with those recollections.

a, Science & Technology

When Mendel meets Darwin

First there was Darwin, who published the revolutionary On the Origin of Species in 1859, introducing the world to the theory of natural selection. According to this theory, genetic variations arise as adaptions to differential environments, where any profitable traits that incur a survival advantage are selected for and preserved through inheritance. In other words, if a long nose gave you the upper hand over other members of your species, the population would evolve to favour large snouts.

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creationrevolution.com

Enter Gregor Mendel and the re-discovery of his pea experiment. Mendel cross-bred different combinations of peas in order to illustrate patterned inheritance of genes from one generation to the next. A contemporary of Darwin, the scientific community did not accept the significance of Mendel’s work until the 20th century, when DNA was identified as the molecule that was passed down from parents to their offspring.

After this recognition, Mendelian genetics could be combined with natural selection, placing a new emphasis on reproductive success. In the modern evolutionary view of natural selection, it is imperative that an organism survives until the age of sexual maturity in order to pass on their genes. ‘Mutation proposes and nature disposes,’ with regards to new genetic traits.

Interestingly, throughout this evolutionary discourse, it was assumed that natural selection exerts its pressures only on the organism. But what about our cells? Our bodies are made up of trillions of cells—would they not be exposed to the same selective pressures?

Scientists asked these questions too, adopting an accepted model of cellular and genetic integrity. According to this model, while there are different types of cells with different functions, each cell contains the same genetic profile. Whether DNA is extracted from our blood or our hair, the sequence should theoretically be the same—the only notable exception is the distinctive mutations observed in cancer cells.

Recently, with the advancements made in biotechnology, this model came into question. For the first time in history, we have the tools to readily sequence different tissues at will. As a result, some evidence shows that we are not composed of a single genetic sequence, but rather, a mosaic of many genetic sequences specific to different tissues.

How does this genetic diversity arise? McGill professor of the Department of Human Genetics Dr. Bruce Gottlieb explains:

“Studies have shown that early on in fetal development, you can get the DNA repair mechanism turned off in certain tissue, and you acquire variant [gene sequences].”

This variation leads to a kind of cellular ‘survival of the fittest,’ where the cells with the evolutionary upper hand prosper, compared to others who fail.

“Selection then takes place, and you only select the wild type (the trait that prevails in normal conditions) [of the gene]; however, the others are still there,” says Gottlieb. “The idea is that, you are getting a panoply of variants, and they are there to protect the tissue. If you get a change in environment, they can respond to it.”

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bp.blogspot.com

Based on this new theory, our bodies should be thought of as a composite of microenvironments to which our cells must adapt. Therefore, genetic diversity would be advantageous to an organism. Having the ability to adapt would provide cells with a better chance at survival in many different situations, such as if a virus killed off a certain cell lineage, but left another one unaffected. In order to survive, this remaining cell lineage would require genetic variation, in order to make up for the other lineage being killed off.

This theory is gaining momentum among cancer researchers, as it helps to explain our failure to identify carcinogens. For instance, cigarette smoke is believed to be a cause of lung cancer. However, when you expose cells to smoke, they are not mutagenized, compared to what occurs when you are, for example, exposed to UV rays. An alternative explanation may be that it is this smoke that is selecting for a lung cancer causing mutation, since those cancer cells thrive in the conditions. Based on this new theory, cigarette smoke does not cause a mutation; rather, the mutation was always there. The smoke selects the mutant out of our diverse gene bank.

While it is necessary that more research be conducted before drawing conclusions, it appears that the theory of natural selection should be applied to our cells. At the end of the day, why should they be treated any differently?

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a, Science & Technology

Touchscreens

Touchscreens have revolutionized the way we interact with digital devices. The most important attribute they have brought to the user experience is the reduction in the learning curve of operating a device. A simple tap on the screen can trigger commands that would have otherwise been complicated with a mouse and keyboard.

Keyboards posed a problem for some computer users, due to the fact that most populations are not 100 per cent literate. With the advent of the touchscreen, people need only touch an icon on a screen to perform the desired task, rather than type in a command. The increasing ease in operation has immense implications for increasing the universal use of technology around the world.

The idea of the touchscreen has been around for decades. The first working prototype, a resistive touchscreen, was developed by American inventor Sam Hurst in 1982. What we see in smartphones, tablets, and other devices today, however, are capacitive touchscreens. There is a marked difference in the fluidity of the touch experience between the two formats.

The resistive touchscreen is composed of transparent, electrically resistive layers, which have a thin gap between them. When the screen is pressed at a particular point, the layers come in contact, and they behave as voltage dividers. Using this mechanism, the position of the touch on the screen can be tracked and fed into the control unit.

The problems with this type of display are that it requires a harder touch to register a signal, and the mechanism wears out over time—both of which reduce the functionality of the touchscreen. In contrast, the capacitive touchscreen works on the principle that the human body is a great conductor; the screen has a glass panel coated with a transparent conductor such as indium tin oxide. When the screen is touched with the finger, the electrostatic field (a field of charged particles) of the screen is disrupted, which enables the desired function.

This process results in a highly effective phone, as the screen can be activated with merely a gentle touch. The only flaw associated with this format, is that it cannot be operated using gloves or any another material that cannot conduct (which becomes a problem during Montreal’s cold winters).

The potential applications of touchscreens are impressive. At the keynote of the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show (CES) under the theme “Mobilizing Possibilities,” Samsung introduced an innovative range of flexible displays called “Youm.” Using Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) on a plastic sheet, they created high-resolution displays that bend. This technology allows many novel phone features, such as the expansion of the smartphone’s screen, enabling it to curve around the edges of the phone. This curved area could be used for looking at notifications, such as text messages, while the device is lying flat on a table. The Youm platform is one of many innovations that will define the next generation of touch-based devices.

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