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a, Arts & Entertainment

Meant for the stage

Oscar Wilde once said, “Life imitates art far more than art imitates life.” Two McGill students have shown how beautifully art can imitate itself. After two full years of writing and planning, what started as an idea has finally become a reality for James Hugh Keenan Campbell and Charles Harries. Together, the two have written and directed The Hazards of Love: A Folk Opera.

Does the title ring a bell? The Hazards of Love is an album and folk opera by American indie-folk band the Decemberists. The band originally wrote The Hazards of Love with the intention of making it a musical, but the idea never materialized until Campbell and Harries took on the task themselves.

“It’s not every day that a really good band comes out with a really good album that tells a complete story,” Harries says. “There’s always this idea of concept albums; sometimes they loosely follow a theme which loosely follows a story, but this one actually put down a whole plot. All of the pieces were there. It just took us time to put them together and write a libretto.”

Using the album as their creative blueprint, the two had to use their imaginations to create a full script.

“The album was written with all these dramatic moments, but the storyline itself is quite ambiguous,”  Campbell explains. “It took a lot of brainstorming and arguing to make strong decisions, but it was really cool to work within that structure and write in a connect-the-dots method.”

The story is presented as an “anti-fairytale.” It opens with two lovers (William and Margaret) too distracted by their own happiness to have another care in the world. However, this happy beginning starts to fall apart with a pregnancy and the introduction of several villainous characters, including William’s jealous fairy queen mother and the evil Rake. This upside-down love story evolves and is of course interspersed with the music of The Hazards of Love.

One might think it risky to take on such an ambitious project in tandem, but Harries and Campbell found that collaboration helped make their shared project reach its full potential. Both operated together to envision scenes during the writing process.

“It was very funny considering many of the scenes are between two lovers. People would walk past and I’d be on my knees holding Charles’ hands confessing my love for him. It happened a lot. Professors that once respected me … I’m not sure about that now,” Campbell jokes. “We were also able to take more risks with the writing because we knew we had each other. It’s very difficult to self-criticize, so if something didn’t work out then one of us would cut it out. It might have been a much more conservative script if either of us had written it alone.”

Listening to the duo discuss the play, their passion for the project is evident, even though there were some early setbacks.

“We pitched it to Player’s Theatre once before, and we didn’t get it, which was fair because the script wasn’t done,” Harries says.

Despite this initial rejection, the guys didn’t throw in the towel.

“It was an exercise in tenacity. It forced us to sit down and try again. We got together three or four times a week and just sort of reworked it.”

It seems the “hazards” of hard work have finally paid off.

 

The Hazards of Love: A Folk Opera performs at Players’ Theatre February 8-11 and 15-18 at 8 p.m. Tickets are $6 for students. Email [email protected] to reserve tickets. 

a, Arts & Entertainment

Three exhibits open at Museum of Contemporary Art

“Three grand artists, one shockwave” was the slogan at the opening of the new art exposition last Wednesday at the Museum of Contemporary Art. The title couldn’t be more fitting, as the works of Valérie Blass, Ghada Amer, and Wangechi Mutu impose an impressive presense, showcasing their latest masterpieces in three exhibitions that reflect their unique personas. Their over-the-top and otherworldly visuals are crafted works of the imagination and a feast for the eyes and soul of art enthusiasts. 

The museum was abuzz with the sounds of conversation, music, and the clinking of wine glasses as dozens gathered to take a first look at the works of these esteemed female artists. Guests made their way through the various areas of the exhibitions, alternating between different artistic worlds. 

Wagechi Mutu touched on issues of sexuality, femininity, and politics envisioned in an African and Western context. Her works attempted to establish new conventional norms to undermine existing stereotypes portrayed in the media and the seemingly biased understanding of the world vis-à-vis a Western-dominated society. The works reflect a strong chemistry between living organisms, human beings, and the power of nature through a surrealist hybridization of female figures with animal prints, textures, and stylized bodies. Her repeated use of mixed media collages and delicate colour palettes illustrate hallucinatory and larger-than-life portraits of outlandish female representations that juxtapose the ideas of empowerment and femininity. The centerpiece of her exhibition, entitled “Moth Girls,” includes rows of hundreds of half-insect, half-female ceramic figurines with leather wings and feather antennae attached directly to a wall. It evokes a strange and visually overwhelming beauty, reflecting the sad hierarchy established by human beings. 

Adjacent to the exhibition was Ghada Amer’s collection. Amer’s works serve to challenge artistic norms and beliefs in the context of sensuality and autoeroticism through the use of embroidery against rendered female pornographic images that range in colour and scale.  Her use of coloured threads sewn on top of repeated pornographic figures on large canvasses create a layered aesthetic and inspire contradictory feelings. Questions of eroticism and of cultural norms are striking; her work challenges conventional workmanship through electrifying visuals, such as her most notable piece, “Revolution 2.0,” a dazzling explosion of kaleidoscopic colours spiraling from the centre of a massive canvas. Her bold use of provocative imagery and contrast of monochromatic rendering with brightly coloured and technical embroidery create pieces that are visually challenging yet beautiful in their ambiguity.    

Quebec’s Valérie Blass concludes the exposition by demonstrating her own revolutionary sculptures. Blass has pioneered a unique artistic approach to sculpturing by traversing classical traditions of sculpture and incorporating diverse mass-produced materials as part of her media. Her approach has been termed “anachronic contemporary.” Her materials, found in antique shops, flea markets, and hardware stores, were used to create free-standing human-scale sculptures. Many of her works are optical illusions and their hybrid forms evoke wonderment similar to the imaginary creatures found in fantasy novels. The range of different aesthetics demonstrates her versatility as an artist, as her sculptures include a three-metre high monolithic creation, to two ceramic bottom-half figures intertwined against a mirror. 

Together these unique and talented artists break down perpetuated notions of female stereotypes, sexuality, and artistic traditions through a resonant collection of works. 

All three exhibitions run until April 22 at the Museum of Contemporary Art (185 St. Catherine). Visit www.macm.org for more information.

a, Arts & Entertainment

In Darkness sparkles, but fails to shine

metropolefilms.com

Despite my initial excitement for In Darkness, Agnieszka Holland’s Oscar-nominated depiction of a Polish man’s real-life efforts to save a group of Jewish people during World War II, I could not help but feel a tinge of disappointment when the film ended.

Holland knows that a film set during the Holocaust inherently evokes a sense of acute, almost sickeningly unbearable injustice in the mind of the viewer. With this in mind, she presents the story with a blunt, eastern European lack of embellishment. The film’s lynchpin, Leopold Socha (Robert Wieckiewicz), is a part-time burglar who encounters a group of Jewish exiles fleeing the ghetto. Ever the opportunist, Socha offers his help for a price, hiding the exiles from the Nazis in the city’s labyrinthine drainpipes. Holland starkly chronicles their lives over the next 14 months—the Jews, living with the incessant fear of capture, and Socha, somehow transforming from greedy thief to selfless guardian. The film’s events need no maudlin adornments to evoke indignation and despair: a German soldier laughs as he rips off a middle-aged Jew’s beard on the morbidly grey streets of the ghetto, brandishing it like a scalp; the depiction of a young woman giving birth in the dark, putrid tunnels below the city’s cathedral, biting down on a filthy rag to swallow her screams, is even more visceral. Apart from several small inconsistencies, the score emphasizes these scenes perfectly. Despite scant mention of religion in the film, the music can be an eerie reminder of the root cause of Jewish exceptionalism in a changing Europe. As children play, and life in the dark sewers drags along, the prayer of an orthodox man in soiled ritual garb and phylacteries fills the shot.

Despite a strong performance by Wieckiewicz, whose corpulent build and expressive demeanor might remind one of a no-nonsense uncle, the script hampers the viewer’s connection with the film. Instead of an astute look at a circumscribed set of characters, Holland tries to do too much, and thereby neglects to address a number of salient questions. How is it that a man who is comfortable scavenging the houses of the taken and the dead, for example, who happily punches a German boy in the opening sequence, grows to repeatedly risk his own life to save a handful of Jews who struggle to pay him?

This lack of depth is noticeable through the film, which foregoes the psychological exploration of individuals and events necessary for us to establish the most direct and immediate connections with the scenario. The pervading sense that we are watching the horrific events of the shamefully recent past has, to a degree, allowed Holland to omit the more subtle aspects of a poignant picture. This reliance on a sense of history to provide the necessary emotional cache is commonplace, but I cannot help but be somewhat reproachful—one comes away with an artificial sense of having truly understood the lives of people whose presence on screen was, in actuality, superficial.

A story of life during one of the worst tragedies of the twentieth century surely deserves more than that. 

a, Arts & Entertainment

Foxy Shazam: The Church of Rock and Roll

Creating seemingly outdated music may seem like a lost cause in today’s world of music, but Foxy Shazam are skipping down the perfect path with their latest release of authentic and emotional rock music. Their electric fourth studio album, The Church of Rock and Roll, has everything a great album should: sharp Freddie Mercury-esque vocals, copious amounts of intricate and distorted guitar solos, funky ska-influenced horn sections, and even a gospel-sounding chorus on some tracks. The album is capable of taking you through an entire era with each listen. 

Their old-soul sound, most recently produced by Justin Hawkins, the flamboyant lead singer of the British band the Darkness, has taken a unique turn here.  With a fusion of new ska, punk, soul, and classic rock, it’s not hard to follow this band like “a flock of sheep,” as Nally sings in the opening track. 

Foxy Shazam don’t expect to appeal to the masses, but rather they poke fun at and accept their status as a niche band. The message of their music is still crystal clear; Foxy Shazam envision themselves as today’s leading preachers in the present-day Church of Rock and Roll, and we are simply believers.

—Vanessa Salvo

a, News

Students skeptical of new Alertus System

On Jan. 30, the McGill administration and Emergency Measures Office sent an email notifying all students of their new emergency announcement system, Alertus. Citing the Jutras Report and its recommendation to enhance administration-to student-body communication, Alertus provides the administration with an additional tool if events such as Nov. 10 were to happen again. This system, when installed on a desktop or laptop, can be used by the administration to notify students of any emergency with the use of a pop-up announcement.

When asked if this system was worth installing, SSMU President Maggie Knight outlined a balanced perspective of its merits and a recognition that although she hasn’t downloaded it personally, some may find it useful. However, she also had doubts as to whether this system would be actually effective.

“I think this decision is up to each student, based on their own schedules and circumstances,” she said. “For instance, not every student has a laptop that they use to do work on campus. I would imagine that it makes sense for most students to sign up for at least one of the two systems (Alertus or the mass texting system).”

“A message making students aware of what was happening during the events of Nov. 10 could have been helpful, but presumably McGill might have had the same concerns that led to the decision not to use the mass texting system,” she added.

The Jutras report stated that one of the failings of Nov. 10 was the fact that administrators did not inform students of events because of the risk that more students would join, rather than avoid, the protest. Although the Tribune asked a member of the administration how this new system addresses this scenario, there was no reply at time of print.

Students shared similar scepticism about the Alertus system, especially in regards to its utility, convenience, and purpose.

“I don’t think I care enough to install it. But doesn’t it need Internet? Then what is the difference between sending us an email? Isn’t sending a text better?” Michelle Ma, a U1 cognitive science student, said.  

Other students suggested a rethinking of the mass announcement system altogether, suggesting instead that students take charge of their own security. 

“There needs to be participation from the student body for it to be effective. We don’t need the administration telling us this. As much as this ‘vertical’ component of security is essential, ‘horizontal’ participation by the student body, such as through student body twitter feeds are as essentially if not more so during events such as Nov. 10,” Keegan Chang, U2 political science, said.

a, Arts & Entertainment

Passovah turns four, celebrates with friends

oharahale.com

Passovah is growing up and throwing a party at Il Motore this Friday to celebrate.

Founded by Noah Bick, a U2 English student, the music promotion and production company began organizing shows in late 2007 at the now-defunct Griffintown venue, the Friendship Cove. What initially began as monthly loft parties has since expanded into four or five shows each month. Four years later, Bick has put on over 90 performances with such notable acts as Braids, Women, and Marnie Stern.

Friday’s show features 12 local musicians from a variety of genres playing 15-minute sets throughout the night, including members of Sunset Rubdown, Adam and the Amethysts, and many more. 

“I love seeing weird musicians from across the music board,” says Bick. “Putting Lisa Gamble in the same room as Caroline Keating, it’s a funny little mixture.”

Bick has put on these types of multi-performer shows before, not only to showcase many of the bands he has befriended over the years, but also to break up the monotony that comes with traditional setlists.

“I find it’s fun because it’s an alternative format. People get bored of the three band bill,” he says.

As much as the show is a celebration of the anniversary of Passovah, it also aims to recognize the community beyond the musicians who have made it possible. When Il Motore first opened in late 2008, its isolated location on Jean-Talon seemed miles away from Montreal’s traditional music hubs in the Plateau and Mile End. However, it has quickly become the go-to venue for independent music, and since then, places like Depanneur Le Pick-Up and Marché Soupson have sprung up and become local fixtures in the burgeoning arts community north of Van Horne. To celebrate this, the latter will be providing free soup for those who show up early.

“I probably ate there about 100 times in 2011, so I figured it’d be nice to include that,” Bick says. “For me it’s not only about the music, it’s about the community.”

Apart from being the Director of Passovah, Bick also works as a production manager for fellow local promoters Blue Skies Turn Black and as a production assistant for POP Montreal. Working with two other big name promotion groups might seem like a conflict of interest, but Bick asserts that he has found Passovah’s niche in drawing attention to young local bands and helping them grow.

“I’m still trying to book really good bands [and] bring in bands that I really like, but there’s this focus on community now … the purpose of Passovah is going to be still trying to book these cutting edge bands but help the bands that are not at the Blue Skies level yet.”

Friday at Il Motore (179 Jean Talon West). Doors at 8 p.m. Pay-What-You-Can. Visit www.passovah.com for a full list of performers.

a, Arts & Entertainment

A beautiful apocalypse

Guy Glorieux

Guy Glorieux’s pinhole camera photography exhibition at the McCord Museum presents Montreal from a unique perspective.

The exhibition, Impressions of a City: Montreal Through a Pinhole, features pinhole photography by French-born Canadian artist Glorieux. The eighteen prints showcase Montreal transformed from a vibrant metropolis into a disjointed ghost town.  

Pinhole cameras are simple: they feature a small aperture, in this case 1.5 mm, which allows light to filter through onto photosensitive paper or film at the back of the box. The images are recorded as negatives, with light and dark reversed, and left and right mirrored. Most of the photographs in the exhibition were made with entire hotel rooms turned into makeshift cameras. Glorieux blocked out the windows, left a tiny hole, and covered the back wall in film. The result? Large, looming prints of Montreal, where dark is light, left is right, and black is white. 

Glorieux photographs the most recognizable parts of Montreal: the Jacques Cartier bridge, the corner of St. Laurent and St. Catherine, and City Hall, to name a few. But the prints are anything but familiar. The reversal of light and perspective renders Montreal uncanny. It is a city of blurry edges, glass landscapes of warped funhouse mirrors, translucent wisps of passing cars, and glowing, phantasmal buildings.  

The absence of life is haunting. The three-hour exposure time removes any memory of people—just vast and displaced buildings. “The result is a barren, disquieting, ghostly city. A city draped in a stellar night, its buildings lit up as if for a final celebration. Its dwellers seem to have fled in great haste leaving everything behind, even their cars. A city is frozen in time,” Glorieux describes. The snow white vistas, ominous black skies, and utter lack of vitality suggests some kind of fallout. The streets are empty, the colours are gone, and everything is backwards. It’s an apocalypse, but a beautiful one.  

The exhibition treats the photos like star performers. The space is dim and the photos are illuminated by spotlights, further emphasizing Glorieux’s contrast between light and dark. Glorieux’s collection of different pinhole cameras shows how simple devices can produce beautiful things. One display holds pinhole cameras made out of a paint can, a handmade wooden box held together with Velcro, and even a cardboard box that housed fresh dates before it held camera film. 

Just as the crude cameras produce stunning images, Glorieux makes art out of the city’s bleaker aspects. Many of the photos show the ugly sides of Montreal: a gaping construction pit, the Studio XXX advertisements for a peep show, and La Belle Province and its 95 cent hot dogs. These, however, are some of the best prints, with interesting perspectives and stunning contrast.  

The feature piece of the show displaces viewers even more. The print is a five-metre long view of the Montreal Contemporary Art Museum, warped beyond recognition. It’s an intentional distortion made by placing the photosensitive paper on a diagonal plane, rather than one perpendicular to the pinhole. The result is anamorphosis: the disruption of perspective used by painters such as da Vinci and Holbein. The museum appears deformed from almost everywhere, but when you stand on the designated spot, the elongated mass of a building stretches into place.

Glorieux’s work is about making the familiar unfamiliar. His unique pinhole prints turn Montreal into an eerie world where very little make sense. The photos are beautiful and fascinating, and all the more so because they are so chilling.

Impressions of a City runs until May 27. Visit www.musee-mccord.qc.ca for more information.

a, Student Life

Understanding the 2012 Elections

natcom.org

As the Republican candidate debates continue and the rhetoric gets heated, let’s take a step back for a moment to understand what’s actually going on in U.S. politics. Canadians know very well that what happens across the border can have a considerable impact on them, and many seem to watch the American elections closer than their own. So here’s a low-down on the election process and the key issues to give you a launch pad for critical understanding when watching the debates.

The Election Process

The presidential election will be held on Nov. 6, once each party has nominated its candidate. Delegates from each state vote for the winner of the primary election of caucus within their state at the Republican national convention in August. 

To win the presidency, a candidate needs to reach the magic number of 270, the minimum number of electors they must win out of a total 538 electors. 

Each state is divided into congressional districts based on its population. The greater the state’s population, the more congressional districts it has. The number of districts is added to the number of senators in the state (always two) to get the number of electors for that state. So, for example, if a state has 10 congressional districts, it has 12 electors.

As the public votes, the candidate with the most votes in a state wins that state. In turn, the candidate wins the total number of electors from that state. The states with the most influence are California, New York, Texas, Pennsylvania, and Florida. Winning in these states gives a candidate a significant edge in the election due to their high number of electors. Once a candidate has won the majority of electors, 270 or more, they have won the election.

Who Are the Candidates

There are currently four republican candidates: Mitt Romney, Newt Gingrich, Ron Paul, and Rick Santorum. So far, Mitt Romney and Newt Gingrich are the two most successful candidates, with Romney gaining a considerable lead over the other three. 

Timeline of Main Election Events

March 6: “Super Tuesday.” With more than 10 different primaries occurring on this date, including primaries in Texas, Massachusetts, and Virginia, it has the potential to determine the Republican nominee. 

April 3: Maryland, Wisconsin, and Washington DC primaries

April 24: New York and Pennsylvania primaries 

June 5: California primary

August 27-30: Republican national convention in Tampa, Florida

September 3-6: Democratic national convention in Charlotte, North Carolina

October 3: First presidential debate in Denver, Colorado

October 11: Vice-presidential debate in Danville, Kentucky

October 16: Second presidential debate in Hempstead, New York

October 22: Final presidential debate in Boca Raton, Florida

November 6: Presidential and congressional elections 

Key Issues

The Economy

In 2008, the sub-prime mortgage crisis hit when the housing market bubble burst. Thanks to spending on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, combined with the 2008 economic downturn, the U.S. economy has been thrown into an unfavourable situation. Moreover, the unemployment rate has been exceptionally high for the past few years. This past Friday, Feb. 3, however, it was announced that 243,000 jobs were created in January, causing the unemployment rate to drop to 8.3 per cent, the lowest rate in three years.

Barack Obama With regards to reducing the country’s debt, President Obama favours a combination of spending cuts and tax revenues. To help the economy grow, he seeks to provide job-creating investments in infrastructure, health care, energy, and education. 

Mitt Romney To solve America’s debt problem, Romney wants to cut federal spending, to reform entitlement programs, and to reduce the size of the federal government. To create jobs and economic growth, he proposes cutting the top corporate income tax, promoting domestic energy production, weakening labour unions, and eliminating capital gains and dividend taxes for some. He argues that his superior business skills provide him with an advantage over others for solving the economic situation.

Newt Gingrich Gingrich emphasizes the need for economic growth to tackle the debt problem through methods such as reforming Medicare and Social Security and ‘freeing job-creators.’ Like Romney, he proposes cutting the capital gains tax as well as cutting corporate income tax rates and offering the American public the choice of opting into a 15 per cent flat tax.

The Stragglers

Rick Santorum: He proposes reducing corporate taxes for manufacturers and expanding energy exploration to tackle the economic problems. 

Ron Paul: He advocates for eliminating many taxes, reducing the president’s salary, and reducing the federal budget by one trillion dollars.

Healthcare

On Mar. 23, 2010 the Obama administration enacted the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), sometimes referred to as ‘Obamacare.’ Its principal aim was to reform health insurance, and it remains a controversial topic. The reform plan laid out many changes which would gradually take place over a four-year timespan, with most reforms taking place by 2014. Under this reform, each state has a Medicaid program to provide health coverage to those of lower-income status, families, children, the elderly, and those with disabilities. A person’s eligibility varies by state.

What the Candidates are Saying

Barack Obama President Obama will continue to defend the PPACA. More specifically, he aims to make modest adjustments to Medicare and Medicaid to avoid, as he puts it, wasteful subsidies. In addition, he argues for a quicker approval process for generic drugs and higher pay for doctors.

Mitt Romney Romney seeks to repeal Obama’s healthcare reform. In its place, he proposes market-based reforms which he believes will reduce healthcare costs. He states that on his first day in office he will issue an executive order which would provide waivers from Obama’s healthcare reform to all 50 states.

Newt Gingrich Gingrich believes that Americans should be allowed to buy insurance plans provided in other states than where they live. He proposes tax credits and deductions for premiums. In addition, he advocates for the creation of a ‘High Risk Pool’ in each state to provide coverage for those too ill or otherwise unable to qualify for insurance.

The Stragglers

Rick Santorum: He seeks to fully repeal Obama’s health care reforms.

Ron Paul: Ron Paul also seeks to repeal Obama’s health
care reforms and advocates for allowing citizens to purchase health care insurance from states other than their own.

Immigration

The issue of illegal immigration has always been a debated subject in the United States. With the unemployment rate high, many point to illegal immigrants as one of the sources limiting available jobs to Americans. Starting off the New Year, Obama announced a new immigration rule change which will allow family members of U.S. citizens to seek a hardship waiver from the government. This will allow them to avoid long periods of separation from their family in the U.S. while their applications for legal status are being reviewed.  

What the Candidates are Saying

Barack Obama President Obama advocates for increased border security and penalties for companies hiring undocumented workers. He also seeks to expand immigration quotas. His recent change to immigration rules has earned him a leg up with Hispanic and Latino groups.

Mitt Romney He seeks to set up a system ensuring employers hire only legal immigrants. In addition, he proposes building a border fence with Mexico. 

Newt Gingrich Gingrich asserts that English should be made the official national language and promises strict border control. Also, he advocates for a streamlined visa process for legal immigrants. 

The Stragglers

Rick Santorum: Santorum proposes the construction of a fence along the border with Mexico.

Ron Paul: To tackle the problem of illegal immigration he seeks to eliminate welfare and to stop providing amnesty to illegal immigrants.

a, Science & Technology

St. Lawrence river may hold clues to the ocean’s future

A paper that was first drafted in a bar in Mont-Joli has been recognized by Quebec Science Magazine as one of the top 10 discoveries in 2011. The paper, written by McGill earth and planetary science professor Alfonso Mucci, is the result of a study on water quality in the St. Lawrence. 

Mucci compared historical measurements—specifically dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH—with his own data to get a picture of how the river has changed over time. His results show that the deeper waters of the lower St. Lawrence have become steadily more acidic.

Studies like Mucci’s are giving scientists the chance to look at how changing atmospheric conditions and oceanic currents will affect the oceans of the world and their ecosystems. 

“[What is] really neat, but nearly catastrophic, is that what we’re seeing in the St. Lawrence now is what’s predicted to happen to the ocean by the end of the century. We’re getting an early glimpse of how the ocean will respond to this acidification,” he said.

In 2002, Mucci began to study the oxygen levels in the St. Lawrence River. He discovered that oxygen concentrations had been decreasing gradually for at least one hundred years. 

Oxygen concentration is part of a chemical balance in the water related to CO2 levels. An important effect of high CO2 (and low oxygen) levels is acidification. When CO2 dissolves in water it becomes an acid; any Coke and Mentos demonstration will show this in action. The Coke is acidic because of its carbonation, Mentos are basic, and the results of combining an acid and a base are explosive.

Hypoxic (low oxygen) zones under water are deadly to marine life. 

“Cod can’t live for more than 90 minutes under those [hypoxic] conditions,” Mucci said. 

Although fish can swim to better waters, shellfish and other bottom-dwelling sea creatures are not so lucky.

In the St. Lawrence Estuary, the lower oxygen levels are largely the result of changing ocean currents. The young, cold, oxygen-rich waters from the Labrador Sea that used to wash into the estuary have been replaced by warmer central Atlantic waters that are oxygen depleted.

The reason for the shift is hard to pinpoint because of the complexity of ocean current systems. But worryingly, a climate change model developed at Princeton University suggests that the Gulf Stream is shifting northward, meaning that the St. Lawrence Estuary may be receiving more central Atlantic waters in the future.

The problem is aggravated by an increasing demand for oxygen in the estuary. Over the last 80 years, the St. Lawrence has become much richer in organic matter, fed by municipal and industrial waste. These nutrients feed thriving plankton and bacteria communities that require increasing amounts of oxygen as their populations grow.

The result is a big change in chemical balance that hits the bottom of the water column hardest. “You are literally adding acid to the water. So the waters have become acidified about four to six times more rapidly than the surface ocean waters in equilibrium with the atmosphere,” Mucci said.

Acidification in the bottom waters is bad news for creatures like bivalves such as mussels and clams, as well as crab. Bivalve shells are made from calcium carbonate, a basic material. Crab use the same material to patch their battle wounds. 

“The [water’s] pH is such that these minerals are no longer stable, so basically their shells dissolve,” Mucci said.

His work has spurred research into the biological impact of the acidification. Partnering with microbiologists from Concordia and biologists at Laval University, Mucci is now studying the effects from the bottom up by looking at bacteria and phytoplankton. 

“We’re looking at how more acidic waters will impact their productivity … and how that impacts the rest of the food chain.”

a, Science & Technology

SOPA migrates north

The fight between the entertainment industry and illegal file sharers has moved north of the border, with Bill C-11 set to reach the floor of Canadian Parliament this week. Bill C-11 is the latest iteration in a series of proposed amendments to Canada’s Copyright Act which aim to provide more powerful tools in governing copyright violations. 

Bill C-11 is the fourth attempt to reform Canada’s Copyright Act and is one that, for the most part, is a fair and balanced compromise between the security demanded by the entertainment industry and the rights of consumers. For example, Bill C-11 would legalize the ability to record TV shows and make backups of media that people own. In acknowledgement of recent musical trends, there is also a remix provision that protects individuals who create mash-ups for their own non-commercial use. 

One point of contention in the bill, however, is the proposed digital lock provision, that would prohibit consumers from transferring media from one medium to another if there is a digital lock on the media. This would mean that moving content from a DVD to an iPod would be illegal. Currently, it is not prohibited to transfer media from one form to another, thus the digital lock provision would supersede the current fair use rights of the consumer. There are also concerns amongst critics that lawmakers are pushing to include many of the elements seen in SOPA, like DNS blacklisting, in Bill C-11. However, none of these provisions are in the bill yet. 

The last three attempts at reforming Canada’s Copyright Act have all been blocked by election calls and were never truly considered before the House of Commons. The proposed bill underwent many changes over that period, but critics still feel that not enough has been done. Government House Leader Peter Van Loan stated that the government hopes to pass it within the next few months. It seems Bill C-11 won’t go the way of its predecessors.

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