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The Tribune Explains: SSMU’s Gender Affirming Care Plan

Accessing gender-affirming care at McGill can be overwhelming, intimidating, and time-consuming. As we reach the mid-point of the Change-of-Coverage and Opt-Out Period, which falls between Aug. 14 and Sept. 27—The Tribune brings you a guide to SSMU’s Gender Affirmation Care (GAC) Plan, which was first introduced in Fall 2023. 

Who is eligible?

The GAC Plan falls under the dental portion of SSMU’s Student Care Plan, meaning that it automatically covers both international and domestic undergraduate students. Canadian students can change their health insurance coverage between Aug. 14 and Sept. 27, or between Dec. 11 and Jan. 30 if they begin the academic year in the winter term. During this period, Canadian students can unenroll from SSMU’s Health and Dental Plan, or choose to enroll their spouse and/or dependents. This option is not available to international students. Since SSMU offers the GAC, it is exclusively available to undergraduate students at McGill’s Downtown Campus. 

What does GAC cover?

The initiative is meant to supplement provincial coverage and the International Health Insurance (IHI) plan—provided by McGill and insured by Medavie Blue Cross. Therefore, when looking to submit a claim to insurance provider GreenShield for reimbursement, students must first check if their existing healthcare insurance covers it.

The only procedures that are not covered across all 13 provinces and territories and are thus guaranteed to be eligible for coverage through the GAC are vocal surgery and vaginal dilators. However, since gender-affirming healthcare options vary across Canada, students may be able to claim a variety of procedures like breast augmentation, facial feminization surgery, tracheal shaving, and laser or electrolysis hair removal that may not be covered by their provincial insurance or the IHI plan. Fertility preservation is not covered by the GAC. 

The GAC covers a maximum of $5000 CAD per procedure, with claims for reimbursement limited to a lifetime maximum of $10000 CAD. 

What are the GAC’s limitations?

To the Resources Coordinator at the Trans Patient Union (TPU) Sam*, the GAC Plan has two important shortcomings. First, they explained the GAC’s maximum offered coverage is not enough to take care of most procedures not already covered by provincial or international insurance that students are likely to need. Sam explained that both the maximum coverage per procedure and lifetime maximum amounts are insufficient. 

“For a lot of procedures that patients are going to want to get, this coverage is just wildly inadequate. For example, when you’re talking about facial feminization surgery, those costs are measured in multiple tens of thousands of dollars,” Sam said. “This plan is good for these smaller procedures like hair removal, [but] if you want to get a surgery covered under [GreenShield], they are probably not going to make a huge difference.” 

Second, Sam noted that Greenshield requires students to receive a gender dysphoria diagnosis from a doctor or nurse practitioner before accessing care, despite the fact that it is not a requirement for receiving gender-affirming care via Quebec health insurance. 

To be diagnosed with gender dysphoria, patients typically have to experience symptoms for six months. While this creates a barrier to accessing care, Sam noted that practitioners at the Student Wellness Hub have been willing to work with students and provide diagnoses without waiting for six months. 

How can students pursue care?

Sam stated that the Wellness Hub is a good place to start for students looking to begin receiving gender-affirming care as it provides quicker access to treatments like Hormone Replacement Therapy, since wait times are faster than many other clinics in Montreal.

Sam also suggested that students looking to receive gender-affirming care get in touch with the TPU, which has a number of resources for students and provides one-on-one support to people who need help with their transition.

*This name has been changed to preserve the individual’s identity.

Behind the Bench, Sports

The Tribune’s sports moments of the summer

The adrenaline has been high this summer, with several high-profile tournaments and events falling within months of each other. Alongside annual events such as Wimbledon and the Formula 1 Grand Prix that draw tens of thousands of fans every year, this summer also featured the UEFA European Championships (Euros), the CONMEBOL Copa America, the International Cricket Council (ICC) T20 Men’s World Cup, and, most notably, the Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games held in Paris. Five writers from //The Tribune// break down their favourite moment from this summer of sports.

UEFA European Championships – Matias Plasencia Sanchez

Spain entered the Euros as one of the dark horses of the competition, despite their illustrious history. Their triumphant run from 2008 until 2012, in which they won two consecutive Euros and a World Cup made them one of the best international squads of all time. But a lot had changed since then—most of the players from that squad had retired, and their Tiki-taka style had aged. 

That was until December 2022, when the Spanish Football Federation decided to appoint Luis de la Fuente as the new manager of the Spanish National Team. This new head coach had a different approach from traditional Spanish managers in the past, as he ushered in younger, speedier players like Lamine Yamal and Pedro (Pedri) González López over veterans—a strategy that proved successful. Though Spain was not a tournament favourite, they were able to win all of their group-stage matches, beating highly-ranked teams: Croatia, Albania, and Italy. 

They later faced off with Georgia in the Round of 16 and beat them 4-1, leading them to move on to face the home favourites Germany, who they narrowly overcame by scoring a late goal to reach the semi-finals. In a thrilling semi-final matchup, Spain edged out France 2-1, thanks to a spectacular goal from the 16-year-old rising star Yamal. They faced England in the final, where a late goal secured Spain’s fourth European Championship title. As a Spaniard, watching my country secure its first major triumph in 12 years was undoubtedly the highlight of my summer. 

Biles and Chiles on the Olympic podium – Lialah Mavani

This summer, as everyone around me became consumed by the Olympics, I was equally captivated. Like many others, my eyes were focused on the gymnastics events and on watching Simone Biles, following the scrutiny she had received for withdrawing from the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games

I was particularly in awe of Biles’ sportsmanship toward her competitors despite the adversity she has faced. One moment that stood out to me was during the floor competition. After Biles and her teammate Jordan Chiles placed second and third respectively on the podium for the Women’s Floor event, there was a powerful moment in which the two bowed down to Rebeca Andrade, the winner of the event. This act was seen as both a sign of respect and sportsmanship from the two American gymnasts to their Brazilian counterpart for her remarkable skill as one of the few gymnasts to beat Biles on the Olympic stage. 

This moment was very significant to me because this was the first time in Olympic history that there was a podium filled with all Black athletes. Seeing three woman athletes of colour reach the peak of their sport felt pretty incredible, not only because they made history in a traditionally European-dominated sport but also due to Biles and Chiles’ discussions around mental health. The two are constantly proving to the world how resilient they are as both athletes of colour and athletes who have openly struggled with their mental health. Figures like Andrade, Biles, and Chiles are so important in both highlighting the prominence of mental health in sports and paving the way for so many young aspiring athletes of colour.

USWNT wins gold in Olympics – Anoushka Oke

It’s been a rough few years for American women’s soccer fans, years during which the U.S. Women’s National Team (USWNT) most notably got knocked out of the semifinals of the 2020 Olympics by Canada and out of the 2023 World Cup Round of 16 by Sweden. After the post-World Cup resignation of head coach Vlatko Andonovski—who had often been criticized for the team’s underperformance—and a short interim period, former Chelsea Women head  Coach Emma Hayes was hired as the new manager. Hayes’ tenure started strong, and going into the 2024 Olympics, she was yet to lose a game—which, combined with the availability of exciting young players like Sophia Smith, Trinity Rodman, and Jaedyn Shaw, offered a beacon of hope for USWNT fans. 

The USWNT flew through the group stage and won every game, then handed 1-0 defeats to Japan in the quarterfinals, Germany in the semifinals, and Brazil in the finals. Seeing the team receive their medals felt like it symbolized the end of an era of heartbreak for American fans of women’s soccer. It was exhilarating to see how competitive the tournament had been—as it is indicative of the fact that more and more countries are investing in women’s soccer. It was even more exciting to see that the USWNT can still emerge successful against such tough competition. I’m so excited to see how the identity of the team continues to be built around this core of young, talented players, led by Hayes and her depth of experience.

Sue Bird’s legacy – Shani Laskin

I went to the Seattle Storm’s 25th anniversary game back in June and haven’t been able to shut up about it since. The Storm faced the Connecticut Sun, claiming victory in the end with a score of 72-61. 

Sitting in the Climate Pledge Arena, surrounded by both long-time fans and people new to women’s basketball, I felt so grateful to be able to cheer on my favourite team in such a momentous game. Throughout the game, history reels played on the jumbotron highlighting key moments in the team’s history: From the inception of the Storm to Sue Bird’s recruitment, to the team’s four WNBA Championship wins, it was a powerful reminder that while women’s basketball has seen a recent surge in popularity, they’ve been hustling for decades.

After the game, the crowd was encouraged to stay back to watch the top 25 Storm players be recognized for their contributions to the team. I watched as each of the women received their awards, and met the rest of their acclaimed peers on the court. Knowing that current players like Jewell Loyd and Ezi Magbegor were included among the ranks of Sue Bird and Lauren Jackson, I’m so hopeful for the next 25 years of Storm history.   

Wimbledon Men’s Singles final – Zain Ahmed

The summer was filled with some headline sports moments—but none quite captured my eye like the Wimbledon Men’s Singles final between Novak Djokovic and Carlos Alcaraz. As an avid tennis player in my high-school years, this was a match that had everything a player or fan would want: Thrilling comebacks, stunning individual performances, and a climactic finish between one of the greatest players in tennis history, and his ambitious young contemporary.

The final was a battle of wills between two of the biggest players on the scene today. Djokovic, the defending champion and widely-loved legend of the sport, was seeking his eighth Wimbledon title, while Alcaraz, the rising star, was looking to add another tally to his growing list of accomplishments. The match was a marathon, lasting over four hours and featuring some of the most spellbinding tennis shots I have ever seen.

The final set was a rollercoaster of emotions, with both players forcing each other to their limits. In the end, it was Alcaraz who emerged victorious, securing his first Wimbledon title and cementing his status as one of the best players in the world. The celebration that followed was a joyous occasion for Alcaraz and his team, as they had achieved something truly remarkable.

This moment holds a special place in my heart. Watching one of my tennis idols go toe-to-toe with a young player I have watched ace his way onto the biggest tennis stages was more than just spectatorship; it was a chance for me to reflect on the power of the human spirit, the thrill of competition, and the beauty of sport.

Behind the Bench, Sports

An uneven playing field: The economics of underrepresented sports

Spectator sports have long been a cornerstone of global culture, captivating millions of fans and generating substantial economic value. From cricket and football to golf and rugby, these events have the power to inspire, unite, and entertain. Financial investment plays a pivotal role in shaping the landscape of these sports, driving growth, popularity, and economic impact. However, excessive investment can also lead to unsustainable growth, compromising the core values and traditions that define these beloved pastimes.

In recent years, cricket, for example, has experienced a surge in popularity and financial investment. In particular, the rise of Twenty20 cricket (T20)—with its fast-paced format, glamorous style, and emphasis on entertainment—has attracted new fans and expanded the sport’s global reach. T20 cricket is currently pioneered by the Indian Premier League (IPL). Players are on higher-paying contracts, teams have cheerleaders and more sponsorship, and therefore more fans. While the IPL already exists and is arguably the most popular variation of the sport from a spectatorship perspective, other formats of large-scale cricket—such as the Cricket World Cup—are increasingly revealing themselves on the global stage. This growth in the game has been fueled by significant investments from various sources: Private equity firms, government bodies, and corporate sponsors such as JP Morgan, Jaguar, and Samsung, to name a few. 

One of the most significant benefits of financial investment in spectator sports like cricket is the potential to increase popularity and viewership. A swell in marketing budgets, enhanced promotion, and improved accessibility can attract new fans and expand the global reach of these sports. The success of T20 cricket’s global expansion and the recent influx of Saudi Arabian investment into the 2024 LIV Golf series are prime examples of how financial resources can fuel growth and engagement.

Moreover, these financial investments in sports can improve infrastructure, leading to better facilities and training grounds, as well as enhanced spectator experiences. The plans for the development of world-class cricket stadiums in the United States and the growth of rugby infrastructure in Canada testify to the transformative power of financial support. Increasing grassroots introductions to these sports and augmenting their representation on both a micro and macro level will be transformative. Such investments can simultaneously contribute to talent development, therefore enhancing competition.

However, excessive investment in spectator sports can also pose significant risks. For instance, too much cash flow can create inflated salaries and transfer fees, leading to unsustainable wage growth. In the long run, this creates financial instability and compromises the competitive balance within the sport. The English Premier League has experienced rapid growth due to large-scale investments, but this has consequently led to concerns about the sustainability of the league’s financial model.

Furthermore, the pursuit of commercial gain can often lead to changes in a sport’s core values and traditions. Often spoken about, the transition of soccer from an easily accessible universal sport to an obscenely overpriced spectator sport and extortionate business model has diluted the public’s love of watching the game. Additionally, the commercialization of cricket has increased scrutiny about the potential erosion of its unique spirit and cultural significance. Excessive focus on financial returns within sports can create pressure on leagues and teams to prioritize short-term gains over long-term sustainability, increasing the risk of economic instability and even a potential for bankruptcy.

The Toronto Arrows, a professional rugby team inMajor League Rugby (MLR), provide a cautionary tale. Despite initial success, the team struggled to secure sustainable funding and ultimately ceased operations. This case highlights the importance of a balanced approach to financial investment in sports, one that prioritizes the long-term health and sustainability of the league.

The future of spectator sports will undoubtedly be shaped by the interplay of financial investment and core values. While financial support can drive growth and enhance the experience for fans, it is essential to avoid excessive investments that could compromise the integrity and sustainability of these popular pastimes. By striking a balance between commercial interests and the preservation of tradition, sports can continue to thrive and captivate audiences for generations to come.

Horoscopes, Student Life

The Tribune predicts: Back-to-school season horoscope

While the beginning of a new school year is usually synonymous with the unknown and doubts about what’s to come, the stars may already have a glimpse of what this semester will look like for you. 

Aries (Mar. 21 – Apr. 19): Get ready to enter your fashion era. Like leaves changing colour at the beginning of Fall, this season is going to hold a shift in style with new outfits to surprise your fellow classmates. Thrift shops are your ally this semester. 

Taurus (Apr. 20 – May 20): Be careful where you walk, Taurus! You tend to be a little distracted, already missing summer and constantly searching for the sun in the sky. But with the amount of construction happening on campus, you should watch your step to avoid a dramatic fall.

Gemini (May 21 – June 21): Success is on its way! Your new nickname is “academic weapon”. Straight A’s are coming for you this semester, and you’ll deserve them. Office hours hold no secret for you, and you’ll have absolutely no trouble locking in.

Cancer (June 22 – Jul. 22): New motto unlocked: “A healthy mind lives in a clean space.” Cleanliness will be your strong suit this semester. Your personal space will always look brand new and feel cozy. This will take a huge burden off your shoulders and allow you to be fully invested in your activities, much to the relief of your parents. 

Leo (July 23 – Aug. 22): Remember, patience is key. Things might not always go your way this semester, but it is only a matter of perspective. If you survived the line for OAP, you can overcome frustration without a doubt. You’ll do great in every aspect of your life as long as you are willing to take a step back and not rush into things. 

Virgo (Aug. 23 – Sept. 22): Luck is on your side! All your classes are recorded, your exam dates fit your hopes to a T, your profs are nice and engaging, you don’t have a class up the hill, and life is good. Enjoy this break—it won’t last forever!

Libra (Sept. 23 – Oct. 23): While school is not necessarily your priority this semester, your social battery will never run dry. You’re about to become an expert in BdA, 4à7, and Blues. Be prepared to have a buzzing social life. 

Scorpio (Oct. 24 – Nov. 21): Just like the delicious smell of grilled cheese in the Leacock basement on a Thursday night, love floats around you. You’ll be the remaining rays of sunshine when the fall clouds kick in, and everybody’s going to want to feel your warmth. 

Sagittarius (Nov. 22 – Dec. 21): You and the libraries are going to be the most iconic duo this Fall. Birks is your new home, and it will make your study sesh look like a Pinterest board 24/7. However, you may sometimes forget that you need to actually do work there, so keep your eyes on the prize.

Capricorn (Dec. 22 – Jan. 19): With a Tim Hortons cup in your right hand and a reusable water bottle in your left, balance is the key word for Capricorn. You’ll have absolutely no trouble going from a hectic party at Gert’s to a study session in Schulich at all. This semester is going to check all the boxes!

Aquarius (Jan. 20 – Feb. 18): Hibernation might start a little early this year. The stars are expecting power naps regularly and full 10-hour nights of sleep. All-nighters and excessive consumption of caffeine are not on your agenda. Both your physical and mental health will thank you in advance.

Pisces (Feb. 19 – Mar. 20): Pisces rhymes with coffees—and yes, that’s plural. Montréal overflows with cute and trendy coffee shops that you’ve never tried, despite your friends’ constant recommendations. This never-ending cycle is finally over. Fall 2024 will be the coffee season you’ve been dreaming of.

Science & Technology

Empowering women in engineering: Stories for women, by women

In the evolving landscape of science and technology, women in engineering are driving innovation and shaping the future of the field. Despite progress in gender equality in STEM, women continue to face unique challenges, such as overcoming stereotypes about gender roles and underrepresentation in certain fields. 

To gain insight into the experiences of women, I conducted interviews with female engineering students at McGill, exploring their journeys, the challenges they have faced, and the figures who have inspired them. 

Pursuing a Passion For Engineering 

Each student’s journey into engineering was driven by a different passion or interest. 

Yara, U2 Engineering, appreciated the versatility of her degree. 

“I like the broadness of the degree, and I can go into any industry after,” Yara explained in an interview with The Tribune

For Julia, U1 Engineering, the support she recieved from her sister was crucial. 

“My sister is a big inspiration for me. She is three years older and she always told me it would be hard but it would be worth it in the end, and you will be accomplished in your life,” Julia said in an interview with The Tribune.

A second-year master’s student studying Architecture was drawn to the field by her desire to address environmental concerns. 

“What encouraged me to pursue this field [was] the environmental challenges in the field and what we could do to help with those. It gave me a purpose of being there and fighting the climate crisis,” this student shared in an interview with The Tribune.

Challenges Faced by Women in the Field 

The students acknowledged the challenges they face in engineering as women. Andra, U2 Engineering, pointed out the lack of female representation in her program. 

“I noticed that a lot of professors in my program are mostly men, and there is very little female representation,” Andra said in an interview with The Tribune

While representation remains a concern, the students also shared more personal, everyday forms of bias. 

“Sometimes I find myself being underestimated or questioned by other men in my program,” Julia explained. 

These experiences highlight the subtle yet impactful ways in which societal gender dynamics can play out in academic settings. 

Finding Support and Community 

The significance of building a supportive and positive community was a common theme among the students. Yara noted the importance of connecting with women in the field. 

“I usually feel more comfortable talking to the other girls in my classes, we try to help each other out because we all know it can be tough to be a woman in engineering,” Yara said. 

Interestingly, the master’s student shared that she did not feel outnumbered in her architecture classes, which contrasts with her experiences in other engineering fields. 

“In architecture, there are actually a lot of girls, so I did not feel outnumbered in my classes,” she said. Her experience highlights the variation in gender balance across different engineering disciplines. 

Role Models and Inspirations 

Role models play a significant role in motivating and guiding these students through a male-dominated field. 

“Professor Tufenkji has done a lot of work for empowering women in engineering, which I thought was amazing,” Andra said. 

The master’s student shared that she also found inspiration in her professors. “Naomi Keena is doing research on the circular economy and building life cycles. I had her in my first year of my graduate program and she was great.” 

Advice for Aspiring Women Engineers 

The students offered valuable advice for other women considering a career in engineering. “Don’t be intimidated and just do it! It is going to be okay,” Julia added. 

Adrea highlighted the importance of time management in pursuing an engineering career. Meanwhile, the master’s student focused on perseverance. 

“My advice would be to believe in yourself and believe in your dreams. I think we can achieve anything we want to achieve,” she said. 

Lastly, Yara emphasized the importance of finding community. 

“You will find a lot of girls just like you and make friends to get through it together,” she explained.

The stories shared by female students at McGill demonstrate that, although challenges exist, so do opportunities for growth, learning, and leadership. By sharing their experiences, the women contribute to a community of support and inspiration, shaping a more inclusive and innovative future in engineering.

All Things Academic, Student Life

Navigating add/drop period with confidence

Choosing classes at the beginning of a new semester is always challenging. Whether this is your first or last year at McGill, the vast array of course options can easily be overwhelming. Luckily, the add/drop period gives students the opportunity to add and drop classes from their schedule after trying them out. This year, it ends on Sept. 10. While this extra wiggle-room can be a lifesaver, the first few weeks of classes often end up being a time of stress as students shuffle around their classes, obsessively refresh Minerva, and ask themselves how early they really are willing to get up in the morning. However, with the right approach, add/drop can be an occasion to make choices based on experience, rather than rushing blindly into the semester. Here are a few tools to help you see the light at the end of the tunnel.

Trying out classes 

Add/drop is a two-week period designed for students to find the classes that best match their interests and expectations. For first-year students, it’s also a way to try out different major and minor options before having to settle—at least for the semester. While most students register for classes as soon as registration opens, you are still allowed to attend classes you have not officially registered for. Make the most of those two weeks by going to as many classes as possible. This will avoid potential regrets later in the semester!

Talking to professors and students

Sometimes, going to the first class will not give you all the information you need about the course. To get a full picture, it helps to talk to students who have taken the course you aim for before. You can either approach students in person or find comments on websites like Rate My Professors. Sources like these can give information from the student perspective on the courses’ content, grading scheme, and everything else you need to know. On the other hand, the professor usually has the most up-to-date information about the syllabus, course goals, and exams for the current semester. Don’t be afraid to reach out to professors and TAs to get more in-depth insights. 

Seeing an advisor

Add/drop period—and the beginning of the semester more generally—is a good time to organize or reorganize your degree. Choosing your classes wisely is a big part of that process. Although they can be difficult to schedule, it’s worth it to get an appointment with a faculty advisor to make sense of your degree and figure out what classes you need to complete as prerequisites to get full credit. Advisors are there to reassure you, as it can be confusing to have so many course options available to you. You can also ask them for help if you’re not sure what major and/or minor would be a good fit for you. An appointment with an advisor is the best way to start the year with a clear idea of the path you are about to take.

Using Seat Alert

Sometimes, you are going to want to register for a class that is already full. This is frustrating, but there are ways to overcome this issue other than spending the whole day on Minerva waiting for someone to drop the course. One solution is to use Seat Alert—a platform on which you can select a course that you want to register for and, for $2 CAD, you’ll receive a notification by email every time someone drops the class. This way you don’t have to see your screen time on Virtual Schedule Builder go through the roof! If all else fails, you can send an email to the professor. Usually, they are not the ones in charge of class capacity but they might refer you to someone who will be able to give you a spot. 

McGill, News

Students walk out of classes to compel McGill to cut financial ties with Israeli state

More than 150 students walked out of classes and gathered in front of the James Administration Building at 1 p.m. on Aug. 30 to protest McGill’s complicity in the genocide of Palestinians and to demand divestment from companies and academic institutions with financial ties to the Israeli military. Protestors filed into the lobby of the Macdonald Engineering Building, where speakers highlighted the Faculty of Engineering’s ties to weapons manufacturing—such as the computational fluid dynamics laboratory, which is funded by arms industry companies Bell Flight and Lockheed Martin. Students ended the walkout by taking to Lower Field, where the Palestine Solidarity Encampment had stood for 75 days from Apr. 27 to July 10 this summer.

Protestors removed tape and signage stating that entry to the area was closed, which the university put in place while the university oversaw the decontamination of the field following the encampment’s dismantlement

“We stand here today to make a statement that we are taking back our campus,” a speaker declared to the crowd on Lower Field. “We fund this university. We have a say in what our university is complicit in [….] You must carry this into your own faculty. You must carry this into every class. Boycott, sanction, and divest now.”

Protestors then turned over squares of sod from the field and stood around the patch of exposed dirt, chanting and waving Palestinian flags. During the walkout, speakers condemned McGill’s reactions to the encampment, such as filing an injunction in an attempt to remove it and ultimately hiring the private security company Sirco to dismantle it. McGill had covered up the exposed area with sod by roughly 3:30 p.m. on Aug. 30. As of Sept. 3, the tape and signage restricting access to the Lower Field has not been reinstated. 

In an email to The Tribune, McGill Media Relations Office (MRO) stated that the university respects students’ right to freedom of expression, but that it will intervene when behaviour violates their policies or the law. In an update on the McGill Campus Public Safety website, the university stated that the walkout’s disruption of classes in Macdonald Engineering and its removal of grass on the Lower Field constituted a violation of these regulations and unacceptable behaviour. The university called the police to campus to intervene in the walkout at around 2:50 p.m., when protestors first began turning over squares of sod.

“Vandalism is not a legitimate expression of one’s free speech rights and McGill condemns such acts,” MRO wrote. “Our first priority has been and remains the safety and well-being of every member of our community. As such, the university is working to ensure an environment where every member of our community feels welcomed, recognized and capable of sharing views without fear of retribution, regardless of who they are or what perspectives they hold.”

In a statement on July 10, McGill President Deep Saini noted that the university dismantled the encampment after the administration had “worked assiduously for weeks and exhausted all other options to end this occupation of the Lower Field.” Saini cited the presence of individuals from outside the McGill community at the encampment, health and safety threats such as a lack of fire escapes, and the increased vandalism on campus as key reasons for its removal. 

Sam,* a student from Concordia and an organizer of the event, explained that the protestors’ route sought to draw the attention of both the administration and other students.

“We started at [James Administration] to get the message through,” they said. “And then [we kept walking] so that all the students can see what’s happening, and all the students—especially the new students—can see what they’re getting into, who [McGill’s] President is, and what the organization [McGill] is.”

McGill student and representative of the event Alex* explained to The Tribune that the timing of the walkout for the beginning of a new term was also strategic, as it aimed to reinforce students’ sustained commitment to pressuring the university to cut ties with the Israeli state.

“It’s to show that we’re still here, that we’re still ready to protest for what’s right, and that we won’t let McGill’s student repression stop us from continuing to protest,” Alex said. 

They added that the student support of the walkout was a testament to the widespread solidarity amongst those pressuring McGill to divest. 

“It shows that we’re not a minority, there’s a lot of us here who feel that what McGill is doing is wrong,” Alex said. “We will keep protesting until we get our demands met.”

Sam noted that the day was also “very symbolic,” as it marks one week since a student confronted McGill President Deep Saini on campus about police presence on site in response to student activism for Palestine. Since March 28, there have been several arrests of protestors for Palestine on campus, including 15 at the occupation of the James Administration Building on June 6. During the Aug. 22 exchange, recorded and posted to Solidarity for Palestinian Human Rights (SPHR) at McGill’s Instagram account, Saini appears to reach toward the student filming and is held back by one of his team members.

McGill did not offer comment on this incident. 

Among the students attending the walkout were five student contingents from McGill and beyond: SPHR Concordia, Law Students 4 Palestine at McGill, Independent Jewish Voices McGill, the World Islamic and Middle East Studies Students’ Association at McGill University, and Cegep4Palestine.

A Dawson College student attending the walkout with Al Raya Dawson who wished to remain unnamed told The Tribune that they joined the walkout both to demand change from McGill and to inspire other Cegep students to support the cause.

“We’re here to show that Cegeps are in the fight and the resistance of the genocide in Palestine and that we’re just as interested as all the universities to get the demands that we want,” the Dawson student said. “I think it shows that the youth is involved, it is invested in the cause, and that we want other Cegeps to take part as well.”

A McGill student at the walkout—who wished to be unnamed—criticized the university’s removal of the encampment and their response to student protests for Palestine over the summer. They also reaffirmed the value of protest in creating change, citing McGill’s divestment from the South African apartheid in 1985 in response to extensive student activism for the cause.

“If we, as students, can dictate where our money is going in terms of tuition, I think we should also be able to dictate […] where McGill can invest their money,” the McGill student said. “I do have faith that eventually they will divest. McGill was one of the first universities in Canada to divest from South Africa’s apartheid. If people keep protesting, eventually we can get there.”

*Sam and Alex’s names have been changed to preserve their anonymity.

Science & Technology

Cortical thickness: A promising predictor of eating disorders

Content Warning: Mentions of eating disorders

Global eating disorder prevalence nearly doubled between 2000 and 2018. According to data reported by mothers in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, around a third of all children born in Quebec had exhibited overeating behaviours by the age of five. Furthermore, roughly a fifth of preschoolers exhibited what are classified as “picky eating” behaviours.

Eating disorders are conditions characterized by abnormal eating behaviours that adversely affect physical, psychological, and social function. Past research suggests that maladaptive eating habits in childhood, such as overeating and picky eating, might predict the development of eating disorder symptoms later in life, yet the underlying neural mechanisms are unknown.

In a recent study, Linda Booij, a professor in McGill’s Department of Psychiatry, and her team investigated the correlation between brain structure and children’s eating behaviours. 

“The goal of the study was to investigate how specific eating patterns in children were linked to their cortical thickness,” Booij said in an interview with The Tribune.

Cortical thickness refers to the thickness of the brain’s outermost layer, the cerebral cortex. Although the cerebral cortex is typically only a few millimetres thick, it makes up approximately half of the brain’s total mass. It contains between 14 and 16 billion nerve cells and carries out essential functions of the brain, including memory, problem-solving, and sensory functions. 

Booij’s study focused on two types of eating behaviours: “Picky eating” and “emotional overeating.” 

According to Booij, picky eating, in a clinical sense, means consuming a limited amount of food and refusing to eat certain types of food based on their texture, taste, smell, and appearance. In contrast, emotional overeating refers to eating abnormally large amounts of food in response to negative emotions, such as anxiety.

“Overall, children who display picky eating behaviours have a thinner cortex in parts of their parietal cortex, [one of the four major regions in the cerebral cortex],” Booij explained. “We found that the association between cortical thickness and these two eating patterns, [picky eating and emotional overeating], was dependent not only on the sex of the child, but also on the age of the child.”

Booij also highlighted the impact of sex and age on the association between childhood eating behaviours and cortical thickness in the frontal cortex—regions of the brain responsible for the performance of motor tasks, judgment, creativity, and maintaining social etiquette.

“During early childhood, the thickening of certain parts of the frontal cortex was associated with more picky eating. But in adolescence, the association was the opposite to what we saw in early childhood, so teenagers who go on to display picky eating at that age had a thinner cortex,” Booij said. “We did not find any link with sex [in the case of picky eating], so there was no difference in this association between [biological males] and [biological females].”

Conversely, sex has a role to play in the relationship between cortical thickness and overeating.

“For [biological females], more emotional overeating was associated with a thinner cortex in parts of the parietal cortex, and this association showed an opposite pattern in [biological males],” Booij said.

Although the study included both sexes and used a standardized imaging protocol, Booij acknowledged the potential for bias and suggested that future studies could benefit from a larger sample size.

Booij’s research makes a significant contribution to the existing literature on eating disorders. Most studies to date have focused on the link between brain structure and weight or food choices, rather than on eating disorder symptoms across different stages of life.

“Hopefully, this study could help to better understand early risk factors for eating disorders and help to develop ways in preventing eating disorders early,” Booij said. “Our study was done on children and younger teenagers, so it would be interesting to know what happens afterwards. Will these children who exhibit picky eating or emotional overeating behaviours go on and develop eating disorders? This is an important research question for future studies.”

Moving forward, Booij aims to study the impact of eating disorders on brain function and the neural mechanisms that underlie the findings of this study.

Science & Technology

Alzheimer’s disease: What computational models reveal

According to the Alzheimer Society of Canada, an estimated one million people in Canada could be living with dementia by 2030. Dementia encompasses a range of symptoms associated with declining cognitive function; Alzheimer’s disease is the main form, accounting for 60 to 80 per cent of all cases. Although Alzheimer’s is closely associated with old age, the exact cause of the disease remains a mystery. However, two specific brain abnormalities have been used to characterize the disease since it was first described in 1906 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer: Amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Although the impact of each anomaly has been studied individually, computational models are now being used to study the synergistic interactions between these two factors.

In a recent paper, Lázaro Sánchez-Rodríguez, PhD candidate in Neuroscience at the McGill NeuroPM Lab, and his colleagues studied how these plaques and tangles in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients interact with each other and impact disease progression.

Amyloid plaques are accumulations of amyloid beta proteins that are normally found in the brain, while tau neurofibrillary tangles are twisted protein fibres found in nerve cells. 

“We know [Alzheimer’s] is characterized by these pathological depositions of amyloid beta and tau proteins that form in the brain,” Sánchez-Rodriguez said in an interview with The Tribune. 

Sánchez-Rodriguez’s research focuses on how these two anomalies interact with each other to influence cognitive deterioration and memory loss. To do so, he uses computational models, as isolating these interactions in the brain to study them individually remains unachievable. These models can simulate certain aspects of brain chemistry and function by inputting mathematical models and equations into a computer program. Sánchez-Rodriguez and his colleagues also based the model on the brain chemistry of specific individuals by using real-world measurements as inputs for the program.

“[They’re] equations that you write in a programming language such as MATLAB […] that describe biophysical quantities that relate to processes in the brain,” Sánchez-Rodriguez explained. “When you put that together with the information we have from the participants in the cohort, you have a biophysical model that is created.” 

Having the process simulated on a computer allows the tangles and plaques to be the only factors affecting brain activity in the models, whereas in nature, many factors are at play simultaneously. 

Using this technique, Sánchez-Rodriguez found that the interaction between amyloid beta plaques and tau tangles directly correlates to the progressive damage of neurons in most Alzheimer’s patients and influences neuronal hyperexcitability—another factor associated with brain damage and memory loss. This strategy could help create new ways to diagnose early-onset Alzheimer’s.

“If you have a subject that doesn’t have Alzheimer’s yet but is showing signs of cognitive impairment and you see in [brain images] high levels of tau accumulations, then you could probably move that person up the queue where you’re trying to deliver a therapeutic intervention since it could predict that the person is going to develop Alzheimer’s very soon,” Sánchez-Rodriguez noted. 

The results also highlight the impact of epigenetics—how behavioural and environmental influences affect the expression of genes—on the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. For instance, while amyloid beta plaques are typically directly related to the disease’s progression, there are people with high levels of amyloid beta in their brains who lack symptoms of the disease, Sánchez-Rodriguez explained. This suggests that while these plaques and tangles are a key part of the disease, various other pathophysiological factors unique to each individual are also at play. 

This research continues to demystify Alzheimer’s disease by showing that tau tangles and amyloid beta plaques work in synergy as the disease progresses. More questions remain on how to apply findings like this as we face an emerging aging population who are at risk of developing dementia. Additionally, the study’s use of computational models is part of a new frontier in brain research. Computational models used in this research on Alzheimer’s disease are being expanded to study neuropathological mechanisms in general. One recently developed model is the Neuroinformatics for Personalized Medicine toolBox (NeuroPM-box), a software for advanced integration of molecular, histopathological, multimodal neuroimaging, and therapeutic data.

Science & Technology

Redefining care: A new approach to decision-making for individuals with dementia

While dementia is commonly most associated with memory loss, research has also linked it to impaired judgment, increased difficulty navigating one’s surroundings, and even failure to pick up on sarcasm. Understandably, the condition can impact a person’s autonomy and independence, but in what circumstances can we attest that a person is no longer capable of making decisions involving them due to their compromised well-being? 

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), adopted in 2006, established the right of disabled people to receive support in exercising their autonomy. In Canada, several provinces have criticized the existing legal framework for the elderly as being in conflict with the CRPD, prompting nationwide legislative changes aimed at clarifying both a person’s capabilities and the role of those assisting them in decision-making. 

However, there is a lack of research on how best to support people with dementia in decision-making as their condition progresses. Tamara Sussman, professor and PhD Program Director at the McGill School of Social Work, submitted a protocol for a scoping review to document the current knowledge on supported decision-making for people with dementia, aiming to inform future research and practice. 

Supported decision-making is based on an individual’s right to autonomy. It involves a process where people with decisional limitations—such as dementia—receive assistance or input from families, friends, and legally appointed decision-makers, with the goal of enabling them to participate as fully as possible in decisions affecting them.

“We have this [misconception] that any of us is really autonomous,” Sussman said in an interview with The Tribune. “When you make a decision, you probably still consult a few people that are important to you. So we all make supported decisions, in a way.” 

The quick decision-making required in the fast-paced healthcare environment often leads the healthcare providers to bypass patients with dementia in favour of someone who can make medical decisions on their behalf. 

To address this exclusion, clinicians use the concept of the ‘triadic conversation,’ in which consultations about a patient’s treatment involve the person with dementia, their supporter, and the healthcare provider. However, achieving this three-way communication may be more difficult than Sussman anticipated.  

After completing a preliminary review of the literature, Sussman was surprised to find that families typically want to include their family member with dementia, but feel pressured by healthcare providers to make quick decisions, leading to the exclusion of the person with dementia. 

“Families aren’t being offered the time that they need to help consult with their family member. I thought that families also kind of start to exclude [their family member with dementia] early on, but it seems that exclusion is being perpetuated by [healthcare providers],” Sussman said.

Sussman concluded that, while it is clear both families and people with dementia need a more holistic approach to patient care, the primary challenge arises from the largely reductionist nature of the current healthcare system. 

“Implementing [supported decision-making] in a clinical setting won’t happen unless we accept that caring for someone is more than a 15-minute consult with your family physician,” Sussman said. 

Integrating this initiative into long-term treatment for dementia is part of a broader effort to shift from a biomedically-oriented healthcare system to one that is more person-centred and compassionate. 

However, this transformation is not the job of a single doctor or policymaker. It begins with each individual, early on in life, whenever assumptions about a person’s capabilities are made without considering them beyond the context of age or disability-related stigma. 

“We all have to get on the bandwagon in our different ways [to recognize] how we’re perpetuating exclusion. In the end, we’re making people sicker instead of better by not viewing them through a holistic lens,” Sussman emphasized.

Ultimately, fostering an environment where supported decision-making is the norm, rather than the exception, requires a collective effort to ensure that the dignity and autonomy of individuals with dementia are preserved throughout their care journey.

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